CH. 16 intro. to music Essay Example

CH. 16 intro. to music Paper Monteverdis The Coronation of Poppea is based on a Greek myth. False The earliest operas took their plots from: Greek mythology. It was through the musical innovations of the __________ that opera was born. Florentine Camerata Lully was the leading composer of opera in France. True Recitative that is just accompanied by continuo instruments is called secco. True Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas was composed for: a production at a girls school. The aria When I am laid in earth is unified by a descending chromatic scale ground bass. True The da capo aria is a set form and would have no improvisation. False The vocal style in opera that imitates the natural inflections of speech is called: recitative The greatest native-born English composer of the Baroque was: Henry Purcell. Didos Lament from Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas is composed: over a ground bass. Strozzis aria Amor dormiglione is in a da capo form. True Who was the librettist of Purcells Dido and Aeneas? Nahum Tate A highly emotional song in an opera is called: an aria. A drama that is sung is called: an opera. Didos Lament, from Purcells Dido and Aeneas, is a da capo aria. False Purcells Dido and Aeneas was first performed at the girls boarding school where he taught. True Why does the opening melodic line ascend in Strozzis Amor dormiglione? It suggests Cupid waking. A type of English entertainment combining music, poetry, and dance was called: masque In opera, the lyric melodies that release emotional tension are called recitatives. False In seventeenth-century England, the masque was a popular type of aristocratic entertainment that combined vocal and instrumental music with poetry and dance. True Who is best viewed as the first master of opera? Monteverdi The orchestral introduction heard at the beginning of an opera is called: an overture. The acceptance of Barbara Strozzi in intellectual and musical circles was typical for women in the Baroque era. False On which epic poem was Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas based? Virgils Aeneid Dido sings her famous lament in Purcells opera Dido and Aeneas just prior to: killing herself. The text of an opera is called: the libretto. Early operas, such as Orfeo, were simple productions for intimate gatherings. False

Free Essays on Population And Urbanization

Population and Urbanization Population is the number of individuals living in a certain area in a certain time which is the target group to be studied. Whereas, Urbanization is the process in which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities which is totally influenced by the culture. Both Population and Urbanization are related terms and are the global issue of study right now. The term Demography helps to understand it clearly which is the study of size, composition, growth and distribution of population. The world population of human being is increasing rapidly in geometrically ratio and the food supply is increasing arithmetically, which is explained by the Malthus theorem. Let us consider some facts about population growth. It took all of recorded history until 1830 for world population to reach one billion; by 1930 we were at two billion; by 1960, three billion; 1975, four billion; 1986, five billion; and in 1999 we crossed the six billion mark. The world population grew at an annual rate of 1.4% between 1990 and 2000. The least industrialized nations are growing about 16 times faster than industrialized nations, which is 1.6% a year compared to 0.1%. This is critical condition which shows the population is mushrooming in least industrialized Nations, and hardly growing in at all in most industrialized nations. The population of least industrialized nations is increasing because of illiteracy, children are viewed as gifts from God, they cost little to rear, and also they represent the parent social security. The food for each individual is higher than it was before like around 1950s, because of improved variety of seed and fertilizers for agriculture. There is ample amount of food for the world’s growing population for next 30 years, so the main issues arises here why people are dying of starvation, which is paradox for all of us! The main reason for this is drought, civil war and unequal distribution of food... Free Essays on Population And Urbanization Free Essays on Population And Urbanization Population and Urbanization Population is the number of individuals living in a certain area in a certain time which is the target group to be studied. Whereas, Urbanization is the process in which an increasing proportion of a population lives in cities which is totally influenced by the culture. Both Population and Urbanization are related terms and are the global issue of study right now. The term Demography helps to understand it clearly which is the study of size, composition, growth and distribution of population. The world population of human being is increasing rapidly in geometrically ratio and the food supply is increasing arithmetically, which is explained by the Malthus theorem. Let us consider some facts about population growth. It took all of recorded history until 1830 for world population to reach one billion; by 1930 we were at two billion; by 1960, three billion; 1975, four billion; 1986, five billion; and in 1999 we crossed the six billion mark. The world population grew at an annual rate of 1.4% between 1990 and 2000. The least industrialized nations are growing about 16 times faster than industrialized nations, which is 1.6% a year compared to 0.1%. This is critical condition which shows the population is mushrooming in least industrialized Nations, and hardly growing in at all in most industrialized nations. The population of least industrialized nations is increasing because of illiteracy, children are viewed as gifts from God, they cost little to rear, and also they represent the parent social security. The food for each individual is higher than it was before like around 1950s, because of improved variety of seed and fertilizers for agriculture. There is ample amount of food for the world’s growing population for next 30 years, so the main issues arises here why people are dying of starvation, which is paradox for all of us! The main reason for this is drought, civil war and unequal distribution of food...

Discussion questions week 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion questions week 2 - Essay Example The technique can be applied to different type of business data such as production, sales, inventories, investment, raw materials, employee needs, and development products (Mann, 1995). Time series analysis can be applied to forecast the revenue stream of a public company such as Starbucks. The raw data needed is the historic revenue of the company. The raw data concerning the revenues of Starbucks is illustrated below The consumer confidence index shows how people feel about the American economy. The index was set with a base in 1985 which represents the first year the index evaluated the consumer confidence in the economy. In May 2008 the index had a value of 57.2, while in October 1992 the index had a value of 54.6. Both these time period represent a position in time in which the country was facing recessionary forces. The value of the index states that people had more confidence in the economy in May 2008 than in October 1992. If the consumer index was 62.8 in April 2008, this would imply that the citizens of the United States suddenly lost major confidence in the state of the economy in a short period of time. There was a negative change of 5.6 in the index between April and May of

Assignment prompt Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Prompt - Assignment Example â€Å"Cask of Amontillado† bears a setting of a city which is anonymous and probably the time period is somewhere in or around 18th century. The point that triggers a query regarding this story in mind is about its anonymity. Is this anonymity deliberate or just for the sake of plot development? The question that â€Å"The Tell-Tale† raises is about the extreme use of psychological element in Gothic and what exactly the symbol of vulture, or the eyes of a vulture to be more precise, stands in the story. A thorough and a close introspection into the stories will easily inform its readers that the plots of both the fictions are constituted deliberately in a format that will arouse the feeling of suspense among them. In the story, â€Å"Cask of Amontillado†, the use of flashback is to put stress on the episode on which the total mystery of the story is banking upon. Montresor’s motive of murder is for the readers to solve and detect the mystery without a detective in the story and hence, the use of flashback in this regard becomes more essential. The last few sentences of the story clarify the motive of the writer. The expression of Montresor and his mentioning about the period of murder builds horror in the story and recalling of the hanging of Fortunato’s body from the chain in the niche, where Montresor abandoned it, almost takes the breath of the readers. All these effects are incorporated in the plot of the story through the help of the flashback mechanism. I n â€Å"The Tell- Tale Heart†, the revelation of the crime and the recovery of the body also take place by the use of flash back which is brilliantly represented and would not have been at all possible to wind up the story so brilliantly without the mechanism of flashback. Imagery in Poe’s story can definitely be compared to the images of Keats’ poem. The only difference with the images of the great romantic Keats with that of Poe is that Poe’s images

Ell Assessments Essay Example for Free

Ell Assessments Essay With the rise in immigrant students comes a rise in students who do not speak English. Schools are facing the need to not only teach these students their regular academics but also a new language. In Guthrie, Oklahoma, there may seem like there would not be as much need for such programs but the fact is that English language learners are also here. ELL students need assistance from the schools they attend in order to master their English skills and be able to become productive citizens when they graduate. Schools have had to come up with procedures to identify ELL students, assess and monitor their learning and proficiency, keep teachers informed, and ensure ELL students access to grade-level content and develop language simultaneously. When a new student enters school in Guthrie, Oklahoma first they are required to fill out a home language survey form, (Oklahoma Department of Education, 2012). This form basically asks what the primary language spoken at home is. If another language other than English is spoken then students are required to take the WIDA placement test, (Miles, 2013). If a student scores below a 5. 0 they are considered to be an English language learner, (Miles, 2013). That is how they identify ELL students at Guthrie Public Schools. Parents also need to be informed of these tests wither 30 days before school starts or within two weeks of school starting, (Oklahoma Department of Education, 2012). Throughout the school year schools have to assess ELL students to determine their progress. At Guthrie public schools ELL students in elementary school are monitored for progress every quarter by a bilingual tutor, (Miles, 2013). In junior and high school students are monitored daily by their teachers for progress, (Miles, 2013). The tutor and teacher monitor students social activities, their regular classroom environment, their activity in class, behavior, learning comprehension, as well as formal assessments. Formal assessments are tests done every quarter to see how much a student has progressed from the previous quarter. If a student is being social with other students during recess, actively participating in class, and learning the curriculum being taught then the ELL student is considered to be learning and comprehending English. ELL students are exempt from taking standardized tests for two years so they can become proficient in how to read, write, speak, and understand English, (Miles, 2013). Students must show proficiency in English in order to not be considered ELL anymore, (Oklahoma Department of Education, 2012). Another important part of ensuring the progress of ELL student is keeping their teachers informed of ELL students status. The way Guthrie public schools inform teachers of the ELLs status is by sending them and email or letter with a copy of their test scores, (Miles, 2013). Teachers need to make accommodations for the students because they want the ELL students completely immersed in English. ELL students attend regular classes with regular peers, (Miles, 2013). Teachers assess ELL students daily just like they assess non ELL students. They do informal assessments like how they participate and communicate in the classroom to assess how they are progressing in English language proficiency and comprehending the curriculum. Formal assessments teachers may do would be homework sheets where students need to fill in the blank with the correct word or a spelling test. Teachers take the grades ELL students make in their class and assess if students need extra help like a tutor to better their English proficiency skills, (Miles, 2013). The way a school helps an ELL student achieve proficiency will vary depending on the requirements of the school district and state. Guthrie public schools is located in central Oklahoma. In the 2009-2010 Guthrie public schools had 108 English language learners out of 3,309 total students enrolled in the school district, (USA. com, 2011). They have adapted all of the state requirements which meet the federal No Child Left Behind act. Regardless, of the number of ELL students or location of the school, there school always be a way to identify, assess progress and proficiency level, keep teachers informed of ELLs language proficiency and ensure ELL students have access to grade-level content and develop new language skills simultaneously. Schools should always be prepared to receive new students into their school and welcome them with a positive school spirit. REFERENCES Miles, S. (2013). Phone interview, Head of ELL department for Guthrie Public Schools. Oklahoma Department of Education. (2012). Identification and Exit Criteria for Oklahomas English Language Learners. Retrieved from: http://ok. gov/sde/sites/ok. gov. sde/files/Bilingual-ID-ExitCriteria. pdf.

What are the Benefits of Fair Trade?

What are the Benefits of Fair Trade? According to many authors, food is physiological basic needs of the human being (Blackwell et al, 2006). Nowadays, people are getting interested health, organic and wellbeing food but most people do not know where products come from and how they are made. Basically, fair trade aims is to improve the position of poor and disadvantaged food producers in the third World by helping them to become more advantageously involved in world trade (Jones et al, 2004). Also there are many fair trade retail products in many major supermarkets and independent shops most notably chocolates, fresh fruits, cottons, flowers, teas and coffees. Especially coffee is one of the representative fair trade products. Most coffee has been originated in Ethiopia, Kenya, Colombia, Brazil and India but these centuries are economically poor. For example, if we buy 5pound coffee, coffee farmers get about 2%~5%. Even worse thing is that working condition of many coffee workers on these plantations brings their children to help them but these children and workers are not officially employed, therefore it is not subject to labour protections. Although our coffee consumption has been increasing day by day however the condition of the working environment of coffee farmer has been worse at the same time in the developing countries. The fact that Fair Trade coffee premiums only reach the farmers through cooperatives is an aspect that has not been explored yet, neither in study of co-operatives, nor in studies of Fair Trade (Anna, 2004) The primary intention of this study is to offer critical perspective on the real benefits of the fair trade coffee movement. This paper is to explore insight effective fair trade movement from different authors point of view. Thereafter, this paper will carry out discussions and disagreeing points address to author point of view. First, this study focuses on the impact on the fair trade products. Also, it finds out theories and analyses of the fair trade and fair trade coffee movement. Second, specific things could be divided from the question into four sections which are the social, culture, economic and environment affecting benefits. Moreover, there is fully understanding of what the observed evidence shows. Finally, conclusion with debate of benefits fair trade coffee movement will be discussed. Therefore, it provides the findings of this review of literature for future research and action. What is fair trade? Nicholls (2002) defined that the objective of fair trade is to maximize the return to the supplier rather than the margin of the buyer, within an agreed development structure. Similarly, Bird and Hughes, (2003) believed that fair trade is product specific and developmentally focused. From their point of view, fair trade related with ethical trade and consumption perhaps is the one that could consider as most benefits fair trade movement for food and beverage development. Past rational consumer defined that achieves a maximum of efficiency at a minimum of effort. These days, calling ethical consumption which is that consumers would focus on the satisfaction of products and information of the products is founded by themselves in a market is more important than the past when possession of products were spotlighted in accordance with low prices. This is another goal of achieving fair trade movement. If consumers understanding fair trade knows ethical consumption, it will influence on all food producers in third world as well as developing and achieving the Food and beverage industrys goals. The European Commission (1999) suggests that the objective of fair trade is to ensure that producers receive a price which reflects an adequate return on their input of skill, labour and resources, and a share of the total profit commensurate with their input. As well as all fair trade products are distributed by mainly NGO which is neither non-profit nor profit organization. Historically, fair trade origins in The Netherlands in the mid 1980s, involve the certification of products that are produced, according to what are deemed to be fair trade principles. But Price water house Coopers (2001) suggest that the free trade concept originated in the 1960s in Northern Europe, while Tallontire (2001) argues that fair trade emerged in the 1950s and 1960s. The driving force behind fair trade in the UK was the alternative trade/charity shop axis, perhaps best represented by Oxfam and a host of small, independent traders. (Alexander, 2002)[à ¬Ã‚ ¶Ã…“à ¬Ã‚ ²Ã‹Å"] [à ­Ã…  Ã‚ ¹Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ §Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ] à ­- ¥Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ¸Ã‚ °Ãƒ «Ã‚ ¡Ã…“à ¬Ã… ¡Ã‚ ´ à ­Ã‹Å" Ãƒ «Ã‚ ªÃ¢â‚¬ ¦, à ªÃ‚ ³Ã‚ µÃƒ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ «Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¬- ­Ãƒ ¬Ã‚ »Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬ Ã‚ ¼_01 (à ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã…“à ªÃ‚ µÃ‚ ­Ãƒ ªÃ‚ ³Ã‚ µÃƒ ¬Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ãƒ «Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ´Ãƒ ¬- ­Ãƒ ¬- °Ãƒ ­Ã¢â‚¬ ¢Ã‚ ©) |à ¬Ã… ¾Ã¢â‚¬ËœÃƒ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ±Ãƒ ¬Ã… ¾Ã‚  ullimft The aim here is to provide access to traditional retail distribut ion chains in an attempt to facilitate greater consumer access to fair trade products. According to the fair-trade labeling organizations international (FLO) in 2008, fair trade certified products have been growing on an average of almost 40% per year in the last five years and sales amounted to approximately 2.9 billion euro worldwide (Reykia, 2009). From this result, we can find that fair trade movement has a positive impact to their organization system. A brief description of fair trade coffee. In most countries, coffee is accounts for the largest portion of fair trade items. This kind of coffee is sold in countries that are completely different from the origin where it was produced. A coffee bean is grown up in warm, tropical areas of Ethiopia, Kenya, Colombia, Brazil and India and the most of coffee is consumed in Europe and North America. This probably sounds like developing countries producing inexpensive raw materials that are manufactured and sold as finished goods in developed countries, and generally,  thats what happens with coffee. Large coffee companies buy coffee beans at a low price and produce cocoa and chocolate products to sell at a relatively high price. The price elasticity of demand is also low, with coffee demand dropping only when coffee prices increase significantly (Ponte 2001). This movement is thought to encourage consumers to pay close attention to not  only fair prices and quality of products but also the ethical purchase of bananas, chocolate, coffee, flowers, clothes, shoes, furniture, soccer balls, and so on. What is the motivation behind fair trade? It is suggested that the movement is aimed at deliberately paying a fair price to workers and farmers who produce the goods for both their work and time by means of paying a minimum price to producers regardless of the going price on the world be $1.21, in comparison to  the 70 cents per 500 gram it fetches on the world market. This would make it possible for marginalized producers and workers to move from a position of vulnerability to economic independence and self sufficiency. (FLO, 2002) A present study showed that todays coffee farmers receive around 6 per cent of the value of a pack of coffee sold in a store (Gresser and Tickel 2002). In response, groups of consumers in Europe and the United States developed fair trade organizations to guarantee that farmers of coffee, as well as cacao and tea, would receive fair and consistent prices for their crops. The benefits of fair trade coffee movement. Over the past few years, there has been an increase in the international market for fair trade coffee. This has been driver buy a number of different benefits can be divide this into four section. The following discussion with obvious benefits, that accrues at the social influences, culture revival, economic and environmental conservation. Social influences According to Putnam (1995) social capital is a social organisation, such as trust, norms, and networks that improves the efficiency of society by facilitating co-ordinated action The results of fair trade movement are a better standard of living for some farmers and organic coffee made with organically produced coffee bean that consumers dont feel guilty about buying. This is the main benefit of social part. And although fair trade coffee is somewhat more expensive that other coffee and now makes up only 1 percent of coffee sold, the fair trade idea is spreading quickly. First, benefit to the individual producers. Most individual producers are small coffee famers. After started fair trade farms the famers make co-operated this is can get benefit for reduced market prices risk. Moreover the famers cooperative has a good internal financial management system. This mean is fair trade price that is directly goes to individual farmers. Also fair trade guaranteed minimum price and an additional premium. The additional premium is paid into a fund of bank for development project. Fair trade results in more stable incomes and is consequently one of the most important direct benefits that accrue to coffee producers (Raynolds, 2002; Murray et al, 2003) There is one interesting examples of individual famers benefits. Fair trade made to improving childrens education in Guatemala. Cooperative members are able to send their children in higher numbers and a number of associates have children studying at the University levelà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Lyon, 2002:30). Secondly, benefit to communities. One of most visible community benefit has the social premium. The Fair Trade social premium has financed the cooperatives technical and other organizational support of coffee producers activities (Douglas et al, 2003). This is related premium fund which is then invested in building schools, clinics, community centres, funding scholarships, paying medical bills and providing low-interest loans. Moreover farmers are learning from each other, with a spread of organic practices to neighbours food production (Jaffee, 2007). Also famers can help and share market knowledge and technical information this is access and get better prices in the conventional market. This benefit developed small farms and furthermore developed countries as well. Finally, fair trade has organizational benefits. Benefits to individuals can flow from being part of a recognised organisation and this recognition can accrue with international support from Fair trade attracting other international agencies (NGOs and donors) (Nelson, Tallontire and Collinson, 2002). For example, fair trade organizations benefit farmers by buying coffee beans or other products from them directly at higher-than-market prices and eliminating middle men such as exporters. Also fair trade organizations encourage farming techniques that are not harmful to the environment or to farm workers, for example, growing coffee bean without chemical pesticides or fertilizers in the shade of rain forest trees. Culture The growth of ethical consumerism over the last 30 years provides the main driver behind the development of a fair trade market in the UK (Burke and Berry, 1974; Strong, 1997). Today, many consumers getting consider themselves ethical consumption this is important goal of fair trade movement. Fletcher (1990) suggested that there has been a move away from the self-focused consumer of the 1970s and acquisitive consumer of the 1980s towards a new focus on values. I think fair trade movement has also moved into the consumer awareness and understanding of fair trade. The other benefit is closer link between consumers and producer. The fair trade movement give to empowers consumers. As consumers, fair trade accreditation gives us the peace of mind of knowing that the producers in question got a fair deal (The five key benefits of Fair trade, 2009). Raising awareness of the fair trade products here is our primary concern since some consumers dont even know what fair trade is all about Economic Economic benefit is most important of fair trade movement because it is directly related to their life. Giovannucci and Koekoek (2003) said the coffee commodity market is driven exclusively by economic factors and, like all commodity markets, does not recognize, much less internalize into its prices, the very real environmental and social costs of production. The main positive impact of economic is guaranteed minimum price this is I can say stable prices. All famers want to increasing incomes it is one of fair trades main objective. Fair trade is reducing intermediaries and get closer between the farmers and the end consumer, farmers earn a larger share of the export price (The five key benefits of Fair trade, 2009). However, fair trade cannot remove risk for small producer. Accordin to Jaffee (2007), while noting that Fair trade farmers are still affected by market fluctuations, also finds positive economic benefits accruing to participants from the guarantee that a fair price is available to them, enabling them to make longer-term investment decisions. Environment Recently, interest in protection of the environment is growing rapidly throughout the world. Fair trade has improved the natural environment. Aranda and Morales (2002) said fair trades organic emphasis has promoted for example improve soil conservation and water management practices as well as the increased consciousness about the importance of conservation in general. Also, fair trade technical team help to make organic coffee for example they supported organic coffee production program, supported in part by fair trade returns and helped reduce soil from erosion. (Perezgrovas and Cervantes, 2002: 19). Recently certain buyers, so-called ethical consumers, think about goods from a societal viewpoint such as human rights or the environment as being important standards for buying and consuming goods. They pay close attention to labor exploitation and environmental damage that occur as a result of producing the goods, and they regard their purchases as a kind of economic behavior conducive to an eco-friendly future society based on fairness and the justification of consumption. The term fair trade, which originated in Europe during the 1950s for the sole purpose of over-coming world poverty, is an organized social movement as a market-based model of international trade that promotes the payment of fair prices, as well as social and environmental standards. I suggest that if they want to keep protect natural environment then producer organize environmental protection management policy. They have to comply with national and international laws of protection (The five key benefits of Fair trade, 2009) Fair trade movement in Starbucks Starbuck is one of the good examples following the fair trade coffee campaign. Global coffee chain Starbucks is also helping to raise awareness of fair trade coffee products.  Starbucks has been selling fair trade coffee beans since 2003 but from January to April sales of the whole beans increased 86.5 percent on-year. In 2007, 9 million kg of fair trade coffee beans which are 16 % of the world trade amount have been bought by Starbucks. Also Starbucks have self- ethical purchase program called C.A.F.E. Practice which tries to guarantee coffee farmers who are not member of the fair trade organization to sell high quality coffee bean with higher prices in order to continue consistent transaction and return enough profits to the farmers (Starbucks, 2007). However, Starbucks was not the first main company of Fair Trade Coffee. One of examples is that Starbucks had used to pay 15 pence for 1 kg coffee and then sold it to consumers up to 130 pounds after a couple of processes so that Starbucks had harsh blame on getting excessive profits from consumers by not to pay enough to farmers. Since 2000, Starbucks has been increasing to buy fair trade coffee afterwards. Why are Kenya, Ethiopia, and Srirangka getting poorer as Starbucks is getting prosperous at the same time? One of the main reasons is that plenty of money have been poured to buy to import foods because it is failed to self- support of foods on the fertile land and they try to produce coffee on the land which is supposed to use for foods instead. Worse fact is that coffee farm makes land useless by consuming all fertility. Coffee consumption in developed countries makes the standardization of these farm product systems and it is a consequence which is made by multinational companies like Starbucks. Human being has started to consume huge amount of coffee without precedent in history, and this happening makes agriculture system standardization as well as Starbucks is a main organization making price of raw material going down. Therefore, Starbucks has to take more responsibility for 95 % of poor farmers than to be proud of purchase 5 % of Fair Trade Coffee. (Starbucks, 2007) It could be unfair to ask profit- making companies which try to maximize profit as much as they can to take responsibility of behaviour however, Starbucks has to at least purchase 50% of Fair Trade Coffee to get rid of the pasts act of barbarity and pay same contribution as its reputation they have to world. Of course, price of coffee sold by Starbuck could be being increased at the same if they would have bought coffee beans from the Fair Trade. Conclusion This paper has showed that the real benefits of fair trade movement. Actually, businessmen do not bring any profits in sales or benefits as they buy coffee beans from the Fair Trade. However, many countries have fair trade organizations and fair trade movement is getting issues. Then, why we need to buy fair trade product? Because it is an act of investing for the social goods noting that the more developed a nations coffee culture becomes, the more likely it is to import fair trade coffee. The main priority is to inform its citizens of what fair trade is and what is necessary to do in order to extend the quantity and improve the quality of products, so conscious consumers are more apt to search for buy fair-trade-based goods. Fair trade movement has numbers of benefits then, if we buy coffee as much as we can coffee famers get lots of profits and their countries are getting strong and rich? The answer is no. What things do consumers do? Drinking less coffee is the way. Why? It would be better to let people in Kenya, Ethiopia, and Sriranka produce rice, wheat, and other plants on the fertile land rather than coffee farm by people in developed centuries consuming less coffee. Could it be fair that if someone feels hungry and only produces coffee corps by myself who drink coffee, Cappuccino, and Caramel Macchiato daily? For these fair trade still comes many problems such as slow growth in the fair trade market. For example in Europe, the fair trade marketing campaigns have been underway for nearly a decade in many countries, fair trade coffee sales represent on average 1.2pervent of total coffee sales at the national level (EFTA, 2001). But fair trade movement try to growth of the market for coffee produced and big chain company trade like Starbucks buy more fair trade coffee beans so I guess this problem can figure out. On the other hand, fait trade is a difficult control system, especially to consumers willingness to support third world producers, and the transfers are therefore perhaps not comparable to government or NGO support (Anna, 2004). It may be that futher improvements to the global fair trade system. The fair trade movment has improved in a short time but the range of benefits is getting wider and higher. In a world where consumption is separated from production over incresingly treater space and time, modern consumers experience the processes shaping their livees with growing datachment (Anna, 2004). Also, modern consumers concern natural this mean is they focus about well bing and organic. I belive that this little change is make great result in the future. Fair trade movement is one of the difficult challenge but this is neccesary to economic success the third world. As Appadurai (1996) has persuafively argued, we live in a world characterized by rapid trascontinental trvel and the instaneous trasmission of images and informantion via terevision and the internet. Fair trade, along with a wide range of other global and local movements that have emerged in recent years, has the potential to stimulate this glical collective imagination. (Anna, 2004) Now it is the time when we should seriously question and consider the unknown truth behind the making of brand name goods. For example, where are the products produced? Who made the products? All the workers get paid fairly? Personally,  I make it a rule when buying goods to take few seconds. First to examine the producer, price, and consumer of the goods is one of the ways and Im going to buy what I will buy. Before buying a product, take a few second and ask yourself questions such as, Is this a fair price? Do I consider myself a bad or ethical buyer and consumer? bear in mind that by doing so you may be instrumental in helping the needy around the world climb out of poverty.

Strategies For The Incrasing Amount Of Ell Students Education Essay

States like the US and other developed states are characterized by immense demographic alterations something that has lead to high figure of English Language scholars. For case, surveies indicate the figure of English Language Learners ( ELLs ) pupils in the US is increasing every twelvemonth. Of to worry is that, these pupils frequently perform ill in other topics ; something that has been attributed to their deficiency of proficiency in English Language. This calls for application of instructional schemes and constructs by teachers in learning ELLs pupils. This paper highlights critical instructional schemes and constructs that should be employed in ELLs schoolrooms.Instructional Schemes for ELL schoolroomSurveies indicate that states like the US and other developed states are sing immense demographic alterations ( Terrazas and Batalova, 2006 ) . This has accordingly increased the figure of English Language Learners ( ELL ) pupils. Surveies by Terrazas andA Batalova ( 2008 ) indica te that the population of ELLs pupils in US schools is enormously increasing with their figure duplicating between 1980s and 2006. Terrazas and Batalova farther indicate that the overall figure of US pupils who are categorized as ELLs rose from 6.8 per centum to 10.3 per centum between 1996 and 2006. Surveies have besides indicated that ELLs pupils normally score ill in other topics. This fact has been attributed to their deficiency of proficiency in English linguistic communication which makes it hard for them to understand learning stuffs for other topics ( Terrazas and Batalova, 2008 ) . Therefore edifice linguistic communication proficiency will be of overriding significance in hiking overall public presentation among ELLs pupils. Teaching ELL pupils is an intricate procedure that requires good defined schemes. Therefore, this will necessitate an teacher to integrate different constructs and schemes. This paper will seek to foreground some of the most critical schemes and constructs that can be employed by teachers in advancing proficiency of English linguistic communication among ELLs pupils. The following are critical schemes that can be employed in heightening acquisition and proficiency of English linguistic communication among ELLs pupils:Comprehensible inputThis hypothesis was postulated by Krashen and puts accent on ‘input ‘ that causes linguistic communication acquisition. This hypothesis states that ; for 2nd linguistic communication acquisition to happen, the acquirer must have comprehendible input through hearing and reading linguistic communication structures that are above their present ability ( Krashen, 1985 ) . The input theory explains how the acquirer moves from his or her current degree ( represented by ( â€Å" I † ) of competency to the immediate following degree ( represented by â€Å" i+1 † ) . The necessary status ( but non sufficient ) for an acquirer to travel from his current degree of competency to the following degree is based on understanding inputs that contains â€Å" i+1 † . â€Å" Understanding † means the acquirer is focused on the significance and non the signifier of the message ( Krashen, 1982 ) . Therefore harmonizing to the comprehendible hypothesis, it is critical for the acquirer non to have inputs that surpass his or her degree of competency. Hence for effectual English linguistic communication acquisition to take topographic point, the acquirer must have comprehendible inputs that are disputing plenty so as to better his or her lingual proficiency. Therefore this hypothesis puts accent on the demand to busy the schoolroom with acquisition activities or undertakings as opposed to larning activities or grammatical constructions. This suggests that teachers can function their pupils better in English linguistic communication lessons among ELLs pupils by presenting assorted acquisition undertakings in schoolrooms ( Ellis, 1997 ) . This hypothesis besides postulates that the acquirer must non be forced to talk excessively early. It is required that certain measure of comprehendible input be built first before the acquirer is allowed to talk in schoolroom. Harmonizing to Krashen ( 1982 ) , most 2nd linguistic communication pupils will travel through a phase referred to as â€Å" soundless period † during which the scholars increasingly get and construct adequate comprehendible inputs that will be critical in assisting them create their ain constructions. Therefore linguistic communication acquisition occurs when the acquirer feels ready ( after being exposed to enough â€Å" i+1 † comprehendible inputs ) ( Krashen, 1982 ) . Harmonizing to comprehendible input theory, when acquirers receive 2nd linguistic communication inputs that are one measure above their current competency, they are able to better and come on in â€Å" a natural order † . This can be made possible with the aid of extra-linguistic or context information. This means that the acquirers must utilize more that their cognition, lingual competency, context about the universe in understanding linguistic communication that contains constructions that are beyond their present degree of competency ( McLaughlin, 1987 ) . Therefore the function of ELLs teachers is to guarantee that pupils are provided plenty comprehendible inputs every bit much as possible. Harmonizing to this hypothesis, comprehendible inputs are characterized by the undermentioned elements: interesting and relevant, comprehendible, sufficient ( â€Å" i+1 † ) and non grammatically sequenced ( McLaughlin, 1987 ) .On-going, specific, and immediate feedbackOne of the instructional schemes that can be employed to guarantee English scholars become proficient in the linguistic communication is ‘enhancing different or changing feedbacks ‘ . This scheme requires instructors to analyze the content of their pupils ‘ response. Feedback can either be verbal or non-verbal and is a critical component of showing comprehension of the stuffs presented to them either verbally or in a non-verbal mode ( McLaughlin, 1987 ) . Feedback will help the teachers in analysing if pupils have comprehended or if they are sing linguistic communication barriers. Therefore it is critical for English teachers to be in a place to separate between negative and positive feedbacks which occur when pupils misinterpret or fail to grok stuffs presented to them. Normally in a category of ELLs, pupils will give a negative feedback wherever they are sing linguistic communication barriers. Therefore the function that the teacher should play in this instance is to interrupt these barriers. The type of feedback will change depending on the degree of 2nd linguistic communication acquisition and developmental degree the pupils operate at ( Ellis, 1997 ) . Immediate feedback is one of the most efficient types of feedback which is provided instantly after put to deathing a peculiar acquisition activity. This type of feedback is indispensable in cultivating communicating accomplishments and in constructing assurance between the immature scholars and the teacher. Young scholars need to be certain that what they are larning is right or wrong with no hold. This is because they do non posses plenty cognition to do their judgements sing their degrees of proficiency. When a scholar gives an reply that is wrong, the teacher has the duty of supplying a disciplinary feedback which will take to rectify and independent apprehension of stuffs. Therefore harmonizing to this scheme, immature scholars are more likely to be successful with word choice and vocabulary. Young scholars at an early production phase will profit from feedback that mould right linguistic communication acquisition. This means that these scholars will necessitate changing sum of listening and rectification to right formed linguistic communication ( Hill & A ; Flynn, 2006 ) . Ongoing feedback applies to older scholars who are in a place to measure their grade of proficiency in linguistic communication. Besides harmonizing to Hill and Flynn ( 2006 ) , scholars who are at intermediate and advanced degrees of eloquence proficiency require specific feedback. This feedback tends to be similar to that of ‘Native-English ‘ talkers. Students at this degree will necessitate greater exposure to sophisticated theoretical accounts of 2nd linguistic communication. They should besides be encouraged header with constructs that present some troubles to them. Besides harmonizing to this instructional scheme, more accent should be put on the content instead than the signifier of look at this degree. Synergistic lessons can assist in guaranting specific feedback by constructing ego assurance and besides heightening the degree of cognition ( Hill & A ; Flynn, 2006 ) .Grouping constructions and techniquesHarmonizing to McLaughlin ( 1987 ) , this method requires te achers for ELLs to set more accent on techniques of heightening interaction through implementing group constructions while presenting instructional schemes. The first grouping method that will guarantee ELLs pupils are motivated and efficaciously corroborate is to group them with their equals who are ‘Native-English ‘ talkers. This will give the scholars a opportunity to detect the grade of linguistic communication proficiency they should take at and besides to hold a opportunity of constructing on their ain linguistic communication accomplishments. Another signifier of grouping harmonizing to Lessow-Hurley is making little groups of ELLs dwelling of three- five scholars. Lessow-Hurley provinces that, this will be indispensable in heightening communicating in a safe and relaxed environment in which pupils have no fright of taking hazards. Therefore making little groups helps in driving out nervous tenseness among scholars because each scholar in a group will be surrounded by fellow schoolmates with about the same degree of English linguistic communication proficiency. Furthermore, this grouping process will be critical in assisting the teacher to run into diversified demands of a big schoolroom. Lessow-Hurley farther suggests that, when making these groups, teachers should take into history the differences between scholars. Therefore the teacher should take into consideration the undermentioned factors when making these groups: personal features, degrees of cognition and abilities of the scholars. It is besides required that the undertakings assigned to each group by the teacher should be collective-oriented. Besides scholars should be made to experience that the success of the group will depend on their personal attempts. This will be critical in non merely developing linguistic communication accomplishments but besides in constructing their personal traits such as communicating accomplishments and duties ( Lessow-Hurley, 2003 ) .Building background and vocabularyHarmonizing to Ellis ( 1997 ) , this scheme requires that, in order to heighten better comprehension of the stuff through a supportive schoolroom environment, teachers should take into history scholars ‘ experience and background. Ellis farther suggest that, in order to get the better of background barriers, teachers should help the pupils in set uping witting connexions between linguistic communication stuffs presented to them and their ain experience. Harmonizing to McLaughlin ( 1987 ) , the best attack in set uping these connexions is by doing ocular ( composing chief thoughts on chalkboard ) or audio ( intoning and articulating sentences in a proper manner ) accent on cardinal constructs acquired. McLaughlin farther suggests that teachers should guarantee that vocabularies to be learnt are selected in a careful mode. Harmonizing to Ellis ( 1997 ) , the followers are some of the schemes that can be employed to heighten vocabulary development: multiple exposures to new words and chances to new words, knowing word choice and giving direct instructions in word significance and schemes that will help in larning new words. Teachers should guarantee that these schemes are modeled in conformity to scholars ‘ demands. Teachers should besides guarantee that scholars are efficaciously exposed to a system of independently tracking new vocabulary ( Ellis 1997 ) .Student battleOne of the most indispensable schemes that are employed in learning ELL pupils is student battle. Student battle is critical in guaranting successf ul executing of assorted larning activities. Assorted researches have indicated that there is a correlativity between the public presentation of a scholar and his or her grade of battle in larning activities. Therefore this suggests that, when pupils are actively engaged in larning activities they are likely to accomplish more. Harmonizing to Echevarria et Al ( 2004 ) , the scheme to guarantee effectual engagement by scholars greatly depends on the teacher. This will therefore require instructors to efficaciously pull off schoolrooms in a mode that enhances active engagement. Hill and Flynn ( 2006 ) argue that, execution of prosecuting direction will dwell of concerted grouping, thematic direction, and undertaking based larning. They farther suggest that incorporation of hand-on and manipulative activities, stimulations and patterning into larning activities will be critical in heightening pupil engagement. In add-on to guaranting that larning stuffs are better understood, these techniques will play a critical function in actuating pupils into actively prosecuting in the acquisition procedure which will be indispensable in making proficiency in English.DecisionTherefore for states characterized by immense demographic alteration such the US and other developed states, Proper application of instructional schemes will be critical in guaranting that ELLs pupils get English linguistic communication proficiency. This will be critical in hiking their overall academic public presentation. Application of â€Å" comprehendible input hypothesis † as postulate d by Krashen will guarantee that appropriate inputs are used in a mode that will take to high degrees of linguistic communication acquisition. The usage of â€Å" grouping constructions and techniques † will ease acquisition in a more efficient and collaborative manner. Teachers can besides better acquisition of English proficiency among ELLs pupil by heightening changing feedbacks. The scheme of â€Å" edifice back land and vocabulary † and â€Å" pupil battle † will be critical in interrupting barriers to linguistic communication acquisition and in guaranting that pupils actively take part in the acquisition procedure.

Education is not for sale! Essay

Let’s pretend you own a school. Let’s pretend the school you own is still functional, but   pretty old: wobbly chairs, uneven tables, equipment prone to breaking down. Prices are rising, so what will you do? Instead of taking care of the facilities with the students’ tuition (you still have enrolled students, believe it or not), let’s pretend you spend more time and money looking for new students who are willing to study in your dilapidated school.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We’re not pretending anymore: due to the financial crisis, California State University East Bay is spending more of the students’ money for recruitment of new students than the upgrading of our facilities. It has also decided to increase the tuition again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Something is wrong when we pay for something we won’t be able to use. And it is unfair to pay more for something we are not supposed to be paying for.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Not a few Californians are suffering from rising utility costs, such as housing and transportation. Increasing the cost of education is another burden being forced unto them. For the last seven years, tuition has increased six times. What is happening to the taxes our parents pay to the State? Isn’t that the whole point of taxes, that it provide the needs of its citizens, especially education?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Students of caliber are the school’s best advertisement. And recruiting more students will not result in higher quality students. In our current situation, the average CSUEB student takes six years to graduate, instead of the usual four. This is due to the increase in class sizes and reduction in courses students need to take. Countless studies have proven that more students in a classroom do not translate into better grades or understanding.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Therefore, the school should not increase its tuition. First, because the State should be responsible for the school’s upkeep. Second, recruiting more students will only result in the deteriorating quality of students. Education is not a business, so it should not be thought of in terms of returns of investment or profit. Education is a democratic right, and therefore it should not be profited from, but asserted and protected. Education is not for sale!

4 Super Fast Ways of Writing a Book Review

4 Super Fast Ways of Writing a Book Review 4 Super Fast Ways of Writing a Book Review If you search for writing book review  in Google, you will undoubtedly find tons of materials on how to write a book review competently. However, do you know how to write one quickly, especially if you have a fast-approaching deadline? Most articles on book reviews don’t discuss thisand if they do, it is not in length. Here are four ways to write book reviews speedily: Don’t wait to write stuff down while reading your book. Have note cards handy at all times while reading the book, and note important facts, ideas, passages, and your own interpretations down. Organize your notes properly in either alphabetical order or by category. As soon as something strikes you about the book, write it down. Most likely, you will forget what struck you if you wait to write it down. Our attention spans are not that long. Create a format for the review that is a standard for you. It is kind of like a fill-in sheet that you can use to keep you on track. This makes the process of drafting smoother and more organized. Before reading the book, create an outline of the format that you want your reviews to be in. Try to keep to this format as much as you can, but if you feel leeway should be given, then you can break your rules at times. If you are confused about how to format a review, usually reviews begin with introductory information about the book, move onto to giving a summary of the book, and then analyze the strengths and weaknesses of the book in terms of its style, pace, voice, and other characteristics of storytelling. Do automatic writing. Let your inner editor be silent and let the words rip! When writing, write fast without looking back. Remember: you have time to edit later. The first draft is done to get your ideas down according to your pre-designed format. The finer points come later. A good practice is to set a timer. Usually 5 minutes of free writing, taking a break, and doing 5 minutes of free writing again does the trick. Don’t care that your writing sounds crazy, off, inappropriate, or whimsical. No will see this draft besides you. Like Hemingway said, â€Å"Write drunk, edit sober.† You don’t have to drink alcohol to be drunk. Simply write without inner your editor and you are â€Å"drunk† on writing. If you hit a block and can’t seem to get through the review, move onto doing another review. There is no harm in doing two reviews simultaneously. It is better than sitting and doing nothing, being frustrated at yourself and the book you have to review. You can also take a short walk outside or watch a comedy video for 5 minutes. Usually these two things refresh us and make us feel like we can do our work again. Besides these 4 hints, you can always make some coffee, eat some chocolate, or drink some strong tea, and your work will be faster. Having a comfortable space to write that is quiet is also beneficial. At writing company you can get professional book review help from top-rated academic experts. Just fill in the order form online!

AP Literature Vocabulary chiasmus, zeugma Essays

AP Literature Vocabulary chiasmus, zeugma Essays AP Literature Vocabulary chiasmus, zeugma Paper AP Literature Vocabulary chiasmus, zeugma Paper Essay Topic: Poetry asyndeton omitting conjunctions between words, phrases, or clauses. It is a list of terms. Example: On his return he received medals, honors, treasures, titles, fame. polysyndeton The use of a conjunction between each word, phrase, or clause. Example: The read and studied and wrote and drilled. chiasmus Reverse parallelism The second part of a sentence is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order. Example: We live to die and die to live. zeugma Includes several similar rhetorical devices, all involving a grammatically correct linkage of two or more parts of speech. Example Pride opresseth humility; hatred love, cruelty compassion. antithesis establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them, often in parallel structure, creating a definite and systematic relationship between ideas. Example: To err is human, to forgive, divine. anaphora Is the repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive phrases clauses, or sentences, commonly in conjunction with climax and parallelism. Example: In books, I find the dead as if they were alive; in books I foresee things to come; in books warlike affairs are set forth; from books come forth the laws of peace. parenthesis Consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence. Example: But in whatever respect anyone else is bold (I speak in foolishness), I am must as bold myself. apostrophe Interrupts the discussion or discourse and addresses directly a person or personified thing, either present or absent. Example: O books, who alone are liberal and free, who give to all who ask of you and enfranchise all who serve you faithfull! appositive A noun or noun subsitute placed next to another noun to be described or defined by appositive. Example: Henry Jameson, the boss of the operation, always wore a red baseball cap. juxtaposition To place side by side, especially for comparison or contrast anastrophe Inversion of the natural or usual word order utopia ideal or perfect society dystopia a society characterized by poverty, squalor, or oppression paradox A set of seemingly contradictory elements which nevertheless reflects an underlying truth. Example: Come, Lady, die to live Shakespeare rhetorical questions A question that does not expect an explicit answer. sensory details (imagery) Using the five senses to describe something aphorism A short statement that conveys a general truth. Example: absolute power corrupts absolutely oxymoron An image of contradictory terms Example: Bittersweet, pretty ugly, giant economy size Synecdoche A figure of speech that utilizes a part as representative of the whole Example: All hands on deck allusion A reference contained in a work. Metonymy A figure of speech in a representative term is used for a larger idea. Example: The pen is mightier than the sword metaphor A comparison of two unlike things. Example: eye of ice syllogism Major premise: All mammals are warm-blooded. Minor premise: All black dogs are mammals. Conclusion: Therefore, all black dogs are warm-blooded. euphemism a substitution for an expression that may offend or suggest something unpleasant to the receiver, using instead an agreeable or less offensive expression, or to make it less troublesome for the speaker Example: Death: kick the bucket fall asleep hyperbole exaggeration simile Comparison of two unlike things using like or as personification The assigning of human qualities to inanimate objects or concepts Diction Authors words/vocabulary Syntax Grammatical structure of prose and poetry Colloquialism A phrase that is common in everyday, unconstrained conversation THEME the lesson that the author wants you to learn Alliteration first consonant is repeated red room sable clad shape standing erect low and livid Consonance last consonant of the word is repeated wet lawn and storm beat scrubs black clock Assonance vowel is repeated black pillar sable clad shape standing solitary rocks and promontories Style Analysis Analyzing the individual words an author is using, especially the denotation and connotation of the words Analyze break down into parts, and rearrange them in order to create/discover new meaning. Denotation dictionary meaning of a word Connotation emotional meaning of a word conceit an extended metaphor with a complex logic that governs a poetic passage or entire poem ballad form of verse, often a narrative set to music ode A kind of poem devoted to the praise of a person, animal, or thing.An ode is usually written in an elevated style and often expressesdeep feeling. An example is Ode on a Grecian Urn, by John Keats. villanelle a verse form of French origin consisting of 19 lines arranged in five tercets and a quatrain. The first and third lines of the first tercet recur alternately at the end of each subsequent tercet and both together at the end of the quatrain free verse verse that does not follow a fixed metrical pattern elegy a mournful or plaintive poem or song, esp a lament for the dead slant rhyme rhyme in which either the vowels or the consonants of stressed syllables are identical, as in eyes, light; years, yours. masculine rhyme a rhyme of but a single stressed syllable, as in disdain, complain. internal rhyme a rhyme created by two or more words in the same line of verse. exact rhyme Near-exact repetitions of end-sounds sestina a poem of six six-line stanzas and a three-line envoy, originally without rhyme, in which each stanza repeats the end words of the lines of the first stanza, but in different order, the envoy using the six words again, three in the middle of the lines and three at the end. sonnet a poem, properly expressive of a single, complete thought, idea, or sentiment, of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, with rhymes arranged according to one of certain definite scheme feminine rhyme a rhyme either of two syllables of which the second is unstressed (double rhyme), as in motion, notion, or of three syllables of which the second and third are unstressed (triple rhyme), as in fortunate, importunate. anachronism something or someone that is not in its correct historical or chronological time, especially a thing or person that belongs to an earlier time: The sword is an anachronism in modern warfare. carpe diem Latin . seize the day; enjoy the present, as opposed to placing all hope in the future.

Learning Assessment System Assignments (LASAs) Research Paper

Learning Assessment System Assignments (LASAs) - Research Paper Example In classrooms with the practice of learning assessment, students are aware of what they are expected to learn in a unit of study. It is this realization that makes learning assessment system critical in education systems. Learning assessment system is a tool that measures whether a student has learnt what he or she was expected to learn after a certain period of time (Woollard, 2010). The system entails assessment that is accompanied by a letter grade or number. It also entails comparing a student’s performance with set standards, as well as communication of results to the parents and students. There are spectrums of learning theories that consist of many ways or approaches to explain how humans and students in particular learn (Porter and Lacey, 2005). This paper will discuss Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development Theory and Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligences. In particular, it will compare and contrast these two theories and thereafter provide an argum ent to support the adoption of each theory to the PK-12 classroom when planning learning opportunities for students. Compare and contrast Vygotsky’s theory of â€Å"zone of proximal development† to Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences. ... This theory views interaction with capable or more capable peers as an effective way of developing strategies and skills. It suggests that teachers use cooperative learning exercises where children who are less competent develop with the assistance of peers who are more competent and skillful; that is, within the proximal development zone (Chaiklin, 2003). Vygotsky who was the main proponent of this theory believed that when a student is at the Zone of Proximal Development for a given task, provision of the appropriate assistance will give the student sufficient â€Å"boost† to achieve the task at hand (Berry, 2008). He also believed that once the student has benefitted from the appropriate assistance and has mastered the task, then the assistance can be removed and the student is able to achieve the task again on his own (Vygotsky, 1978). The propositions of this theory were informed by the believe by some of the educational professions who included Vygotsky that the role of education was to provide children with experiences that are within their ZPD, therefore enhancing and encouraging their individual learning. Mayer (2008) notes that the ZPD theory defines functions that are yet to mature, but are in the maturing process. This theory was developed to argue against the conventional means of determining students’ intelligence. In other words, it was developed to argue against the use of knowledge-based and academic tests as a way of gauging the intelligence of students. According to this theory, the student’s intelligence cannot be determined by examining whet he knows; instead, it argues that it is better to independently examine student’s ability to solve problems, as well

How global warming affects animals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

How global warming affects animals - Essay Example The current literature blames the inability of policy makers and politicians to design measures that can help curb further destructions on climate. In fact, most nations lack political will to mitigate the impacts global warming poses on animals. The current literal works of researchers underscore on the need for the world to focus its activities towards protection of the environment but does not say about the future and uncertainty surrounding animals as global warming gets to its extreme. This paper takes the assumption that the situation of global warming is typical fight between cases of survival for the fittest against the selection of the fittest by Global Warming. This means that with time, every animal species in the globe will adapt to global warming in varying ways. For example some animals will undergo genetic regeneration whereas others will simply die. I plan to organize my paper by discussing the main points as earlier stated while giving a detailed analysis concerning the impact of global warming on animals on such matters as habitat displacement, breeding, hibernation and migration behaviours. in this regard, the points will be arranged chronologically. Melting ice in the polar region has caused flow of water disturbing natural habitats of polar bears in the arctic regions. In addition, the breeding environments for waterfowl in the prairie pothole region of north Iowa and central Alberta has been adversely affected due to rising temperatures in the springs. Animals often move into new habitats whenever their current habitats become elusive to their survival. However, the current human population limits this movement since land that would otherwise have been suitable in accommodation Global warming raises temperatures within the arctic regions of the world which is the main habitat of polar bears. In addition, raised temperatures in the springs destroy breeding conditions of waterfowl